Climate change impacts on migration of Pinus koraiensis during the Quaternary using species distribution models

Abstract Clarifying the influences of paleoclimate changes on disjunct distribution formation plants allows a historical and mechanical understanding current vegetation biodiversity. This study investigated present Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) using species modeling. A model (SDM) was built maximum entropy principle algorithms (MaxEnt), data from 152 occurrences species, four bioclimatic variables at 2.5 arcminute (approximately 5 km) spatial resolution. The simulation revealed excellent fit MaxEnt performance, with an area under curve (AUC) value 0.922 continuous Boyce index (BCI) 0.925 fivefold cross-validation. most important climatic factor minimum temperature coldest month. Suitable habitats for ranged between ? 30.1 4.1 °C. Projected suitable Last Glacial Maximum 22,000 years ago [ka BP]: LGM) period showed wide distributions in eastern China, southern part Korean Peninsula, Japanese Archipelago. After mid-Holocene 6 ka BP), expanded northwards continental regions retreated both north southwest Japan. eventually formed central An increase after LGM caused migration P. toward new, Northeast Asia, while Archipelago retreated, forming distributions.